In reactions between linear single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) and circular double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs), stable joint molecule formation promoted by the recA protein (RecA) requires negative superhelicity, a homologous end, and an RecA-ssDNA complex. Linear ssDNAs with 3'-end homology react more efficiently than linear ssDNAs with 5'-end homology. This 3'-end preference is explained by the finding...

Benzenoid hydrocarbons have regular structures, attracting the opportunity to test structural descriptors of their series. In present study, we compared information entropy, Wiener indices, topological efficiencies, roundness, and symmetries oligoacenes, phenacenes, helicenes. We found discussed mismatches between symmetry benzenoids. Among studied series, helicenes demonstrate parity effect wh...

In the presence of ATP and Mg(2+), the bacterial transposon Tn7 translocates via a cut and paste mechanism executed by the transposon-encoded proteins TnsA+TnsB+TnsC+TnsD. We report here that in the presence of Mn(2+), TnsA+TnsB alone can execute the DNA breakage and joining reactions of Tn7 recombination. ATP is not essential in this minimal system, revealing that this cofactor is not directly...

The development of carbon capture and storage techniques has become essential to reduce mitigating CO2 emissions the atmosphere. CarbFix1 CarbFix2 projects carried out in Iceland demonstrated that waste gas from geothermal power plants can be captured mixed with effluent geofluid subsequently injected back into reservoir. This experience gained CarbFix expanded other fields around Europe, one d...

background: faculty members are the main sources of universities. determination and promotion of their competencies lead to the overall performance promotion of universities. faculty members’ teaching competencies have the greatest role in the improvement of education, research and universities social services quality. therefore, in order to investigate this issue more carefully, this study aim...

Deficits in empathy enhance conflicts and human suffering. Thus, it is crucial to understand how empathy can be learned and how learning experiences shape empathy-related processes in the human brain. As a model of empathy deficits, we used the well-established suppression of empathy-related brain responses for the suffering of out-groups and tested whether and how out-group empathy is boosted ...

Alexithymia is a patient characteristic that reflects deficits in the cognitive processing and regulation of emotions. It is generally considered to have an adverse effect on the outcome of psychotherapy. Little is known about the processes through which alexithymia exerts this effect. One proposed mechanism suggests that patients with alexithymia trigger negative therapist reactions that contr...

Streck et al. (2007) state that primitive andesite lavas (Mg# > 0.6; 53–63 wt% SiO 2 ) from Mt. Shasta are not primary melts, but instead are mixtures of evolved, high-Sr/Y, low-Mg# dacite with primary, low-Sr/Y, high-Mg# basalt. They propose that this mixing forms primitive andesites worldwide, and they dismiss the idea that primitive andesite is an end member in arc magmatism. Magma mixing is...

Ubiquitin is the founding member of a family of structurally conserved proteins that regulate a host of processes in eukaryotic cells. Ubiquitin and its relatives carry out their functions through covalent attachment to other cellular proteins, thereby changing the stability, localization, or activity of the target protein. This article reviews the basic biochemistry of these protein conjugatio...

1. Central pathways of carbohydrate metabolism 2. Conversion of compounds to intermediates usable in central pathways 3. Mechanisms of energy (ATP) production a. Substrate-level phosphorylation b. Oxidative phosphorylation c. Other mechanisms of energy transfer 4. Metabolic steps involved in the generation and use of reducing activity a. Reduction of pyruvate or other substrates to fermentation...