Thyroid disorders are common worldwide.1 In Africa, dietary iodine deficiency is the major determinant of thyroid pathology, resulting in a spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders, including goitres, hypothyroidism and mental retardation.2 Of these, mental retardation poses the most severe threat to socioeconomic wellbeing; thus, its prevention has been the focus of current global efforts towar...

In the last decade, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have become recognized as the most common preventable cause of mental retardation worldwide. Iodine deficiency interferes severely with prenatal and postnatal growth and neurologic development of individuals. It has condemned tens of millions of children to cretinism—characterized by mental and growth retardation, rigid spastic motor disorde...

Endemic cretinism includes two syndromes: a more common neurological disorder with brain damage, deaf mutism, squint and spastic paresis of the legs and a less common syndrome of severe hypothyroidism, growth retardation and less severe mental defect. Both conditions are due to dietary iodine deficiency and can be prevented by correction of iodine deficiency before pregnancy. Endemic cretinism ...

Iron deficiency is a continuum beginning from lowering of tissue stores to the phase of exhausted tissue stores, interference with iron driven biochemical reactions in the body, microcytosis, hypochromia, increasing severity of anaemia with all its attendant consequences. Iron deficiency anaemia is a very well known concept but what is often not appreciated is the effect of broad canvas of iron...

Zinc is essential in the metabolic activities body including protein, DNA and RNA synthesis. It plays a role neurogenesis, maturation, migration of neurons synapse formation. high hippocampal which involved learning memory. Deficiency zinc during pregnancy has been related to many congenital abnormalities foetal nervous system. Furthermore insufficient levels children associated with lowered ab...

Canavan disease (CD) is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by spongy degeneration of the brain. Patients with CD have aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency, which results accumulation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in the brain and elevated excretion of urinary NAA. Clinically, patients with CD have macrocephaly, mental retardation and hypotonia. A knockout mouse for CD which was enginee...

wernike encephalopathy(we )caused by thiamine deficiency  was a critical but reversible disorder. it can be occurred after acute pancreatitis due to prolonged fasting. we after acute pancreatitis was rarely suspected and diagnosed at early stages. we reported a 44 year-old woman with severe acute pancreatitis who developed altered mental status and bilateral nystagmus and ophthalmoplegia soon a...

Diagnosis in Mental Deficiency is a complex task, for it is based on a variety of factors some of which have, at the first sight, no close relations to the others. The investigation of a patient who is supposed to be mentally defective is, as a rule, done before his admission to a Mental Deficiency Hospital. Various authorities, such as the Local Education and Public Health Authorities as well ...

tional matters on which he is a recognised specialist, having dealt Vv'ith these in his other publications. Dr. Wallin has been working in the field for more than half a century and he has accumulated a very vast knowledge of the literature. He excels in destructive argument and exposes many of the fallacies arising from oversimplification of the facts of mental deficiency. In spite of this it ...

Received April 10, 2003 Abstract Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of pyrimidine catabolism. This enzyme deficiency has a wide phenotypic variability but neurological abnormalities like convulsion, motor developmental delay and mental retardation are common. DPD deficiency is also associated with increased risk of toxicity in patients receiving ...