In the 18th century, every second merchant ship sailing from Britain to Baltic did not carry any exports. This was caused by trade imbalances that were driven high demand for grains and other raw materials in Britain. Trip level data show ships based larger British cities more likely make non-empty trips carried varieties. paper argues wider denser networks of merchants large cities, which faci...

The introduction of several alternative marine fuels is considered an important strategy for maritime decarbonization. These include liquefied natural gas (LNG), biogas (LBG), hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, ethanol, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), etc. In some studies, nuclear power and electricity are also included in the scope merchant ships. However, operation alternative-fuel-powered ships ...