Before engaging in a conversation , a message must be planned. While there are many ways to perform this task, I believe that people do this in the following way, in particular if the message is going to be long: first an outline is planned (global, or skeleton planning), which is then filled in with details (local planning, elaboration). Planning proceeds thus from general to specific (breadth...

The differences and relations of various negations have attracted interest in logical investigation, and most of the studies have utilized a model-theoretic approach (cf. Dunn 1999, Shramko 2005, Ripley 2009). This study will propose a general framework to treat various negations from the perspective of proof-theoretic semantics (PTS) based on natural deduction. It is well known that when we de...

We describe our experience in developing a discourse-annotated corpus for community-wide use. Working in the framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory, we were able to create a large annotated resource with very high consistency, using a well-defined methodology and protocol. This resource is made publicly available through the Linguistic Data Consortium to enable researchers to develop empirica...

This section considers the actual performance in poverty reduction of selected LDCs for which information is available in order to get an idea of which circumstances promote success and which do not. The analysis has to be carried out in a situation of extreme data constraint, especially for the SSA which has the largest concentration of LDCs. In view of the very different nature and extent of ...

In this paper, we define the concept of uncertain multiplicative linguistic preference relation, and introduce some operational laws of uncertain multiplicative linguistic variables. We propose some new aggregation operators including the uncertain linguistic geometric mean (ULGM) operator, uncertain linguistic weighted geometric mean (ULWGM) operator, uncertain linguistic ordered weighted geom...

Lexical representation so far has not been extensively investigated in regard to language acquisition. Existing computational linguistic systems assume that text analysis and generation take place in conditions of complete lexical knowledge. That is, no unknown elements are encountered in processing text. It turns out however, that productive as well as non-productive word combinations require ...

Although reflexion is promising as a candidate to solve a large set of problems, its use is not as widely spread as it could be expected. We believe this is due to the increase of complexity it introduces. To ease the use of reflexion, we propose to build some set of libraries of reflective programs. Unfortunately, actor languagesdo not hold the required tools to build them. That is why we intr...

We present a meta-analysis of cross-linguistic transfer of oral language (vocabulary and listening comprehension), phonology (decoding and phonological awareness) and reading comprehension. Our findings show a small meta-correlation between first (L1) and second (L2) oral language and a moderate to large correlation between L1 and L2 phonological awareness and decoding. This is interpreted in t...

This paper discusses user study outcomes with teachers who used Language Muse SM a webbased teacher professional development (TPD) application designed to enhance teachers’ linguistic awareness, and support teachers in the development of language-based instructional scaffolding (support) for their English language learners (ELL). System development was grounded in literature that supports the n...

Qualitative modeling may be applied when knowledge about a system is only available in linguistic form. The knowledge might be processed by a dynamic fuzzy system consisting of a rule base and an inference method modeling human reasoning. Conventional fuzzy inference methods do not consider this association to human reasoning and therefore are not suitable for the dynamic processing of linguist...