Brassinosteroids represent a class of plant hormones. More than 70 compounds have been isolated from plants. Currently 42 brassinosteroid metabolites and their conjugates are known. This review describes the miscellaneous metabolic pathways of brassinosteroids in plants. There are some types of metabolic processes involving brassinosteroids in plants: dehydrogenation, demethylation, epimerizati...

Although significant contributions to the understanding of metabolic alkalosis have been made recently, much of our knowledge rests on data from clearance studies performed in humans and animals many years ago. This article reviews the contributions of these studies, as well as more recent work relating to the control of renal acid-base transport by mineralocorticoid hormones, angiotensin, endo...

The nervous and immune systems have long been considered as compartments that perform separate and different functions. However, recent clinical, epidemiological, and experimental data have suggested that the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), might involve factors, hormones, and neural mediators that link the immune and nervous system. These mol...

As sensors for fat-soluble hormones and dietary lipids, oscillations in nuclear receptor (NR) expression in key metabolic tissues may contribute to circadian entrainment of nutrient and energy metabolism. Surveying the diurnal expression profiles of all 49 mouse nuclear receptors in white and brown adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle revealed that of the 45 NRs expressed, 25 are in a rhy...

Fertility is gated by nutrition and the availability of stored energy reserves, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that link energy stores and reproduction are not well understood. Neuropeptides including galanin-like peptide (GALP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), products of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC; e.g., alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin), and kisspeptin are thought to be involved in this proc...

1 TITLE PAGE 1 Cephalic phase secretion of insulin and other entero-pancreatic hormones in 2 humans 3 Simon Veedfald, Astrid Plamboeck, Carolyn F. Deacon, Bolette Hartmann, 4 Filip K. Knop Tina Vilsbøll and Jens J. Holst 5 6 7 8 Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 9 Hellerup, Denmark 10 Department of Biomedical Sciences & NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Res...

Recent discoveries, notably of the hormones leptin and adiponectin, have revised the notion that adipocytes are simply a storage depot for body energy. Instead, adipocytes are also endocrine organs, with multiple metabolic roles in regulating whole-body physiology. Small adipocytes in lean individuals promote metabolic homeostasis; the enlarged adipocytes of obese individuals recruit macrophage...

There is a strong association between nutrition and reproduction. Chronic dietary energy deficits as well as energy surpluses can impair reproductive capacity. Metabolic status impacts reproductive function at systemic level, modulating the hypothalamic GnRH neuronal network and/or the pituitary gonadotropin secretion through several hormones and neuropeptides, and at the ovarian level, acting ...

There are fundamental differences between the metabolic fate of fructose and of glucose. Whereas the metabolism of glucose is controlled by hormones such as insulin, fructose uptake and phosphorylation in the liver occurs independently of hormones and its ultimate metabolic fate is unpredictable. Essential fructosuria, a harmless inherited anomaly of fructose metabolism, is the least harmful of...