BACKGROUND The neurodevelopment of childhood anxiety disorders is not well understood. Basic research has implicated the amygdala and circuits related to these nuclei as being central to several aspects of fear and fear-related behaviors in animals. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure amygdala volumes and comparison brain regions in 12 child and adolescent subjects with gen...

PURPOSE Electrical Bioimpedance Cerebral Monitoring is assessment in real time of health of brain tissue through study of passive dielectric properties of brain. During the last two decades theory and technology have been developed in parallel with animal experiments aiming to confirm feasibility of using bioimpedance-based technology for prompt detection of brain damage. Here, for the first ti...

Tool use, though rare, is taxonomically widespread, but morphological adaptations for tool use are virtually unknown. We focus on the New Caledonian crow (NCC, Corvus moneduloides), which displays some of the most innovative tool-related behavior among nonhumans. One of their major food sources is larvae extracted from burrows with sticks held diagonally in the bill, oriented with individual, b...

Spinal cords from 2- to 8-day-old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to investigate the effects of discrete electrical stimuli applied to the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) on motor neuron activity recorded from the lumbar ventral roots. Short trains of stimuli (1-3 s) delivered to one VLF in the low cervical region elicited rhythmic activity that persisted for up to 30 s. Responses consisted ...

Introduction: Despite technological advances and numerous published investigations, sexual dimorphism of Corpus Callosum (CC) remains a matter of ongoing controversy. In the present study on neurologically healthy Iranian adults, we investigated the possible gender- and age-related variations in anthropometric callosal measurements.  Methods: Our sample comprised 35 male and 35 female sub...

BACKGROUND Emphysema is defined as the abnormal enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, but the limits of normality of airspace size have never been defined. The aims of the study were to examine the effects of age and sex on airspace size in non-smokers and to define the limits of normal airspace size. METHODS Airspace size was measured in terms of airspace wall surface a...

This paper presents a novel method for the automated diagnosis of the degenerative intervertebral disc disease in midsagittal MR images. The approach is based on combining distinct disc features under a machine learning framework. The discs in the lumbar MR images are first localized and segmented. Then, intensity, shape, context, and texture features of the discs are extracted with various tec...

Prenatal imaging of the fetal cerebellar vermis is challenging even for experienced examiners. We found that by aiming the ultrasound beam through the mastoid fontanel and then rotating the data set in a multiplanar reconstruction and applying volume contrast imaging in the C plane, we were consistently able to obtain images of the vermis in the standard midsagittal plane. Images of the fetal v...

427 a Director, Department of Orthodontics, Kooalldam Dental Hospital. b Postgraduate student, Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University. c Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University. Corresponding author: Namkug Kim. Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, 599, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. ...