technology has affected all aspects of our lives, but it seems that it does not penetrate to clinical research centers as much as other fields.   for example, technology could be used to promote the quality of “retrospective” studies as much as it become near to the “prospective” studies. orthopedics research centers, especially “hand and upper extremity services” are a good place to start. whe...

in this article, we tried to identify mechanisms of technology transfer and their legal basis in buy-back contracts. then, analyze the effect of wto regulations on those contracts. in addition, answer these questions: what are legal mechanisms of technology transfer in buy-back contracts? what are the effects of acceptance of wto rules on technology transfer policies in buy-back contracts and t...