Change in voice quality (VQ) is one of the first precursors of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Specifically, impacted phonation and articulation causes the patient to have a breathy, husky-semiwhisper and hoarse voice. A goal of this paper is to characterize a VQ spectrum – the composition of non-modal phonations – of voice in PD. The paper relates non-modal healthy phonations: breathy, creaky, tense...

In 2000, Figallo and Sanza introduced the n×m−valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras, which are a particular case of Matrix Lukasiewicz algebras, and a nontrivial generalization of n−valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras. Here we start a research on the class of n × m−valued Lukasiewicz-Moisil algebras endowed with two modal operators (or 2mLMn×m−algebras). These algebras constitute a common generaliz...

Is language governed by formal rules or by analogy to stored exemplars? The acquisition of the English past tense has long played a central role in this debate. In the present study, children rated the acceptability of a regular and an irregular past-tense form of each of 40 novel verbs (e.g., fleeped, flept) using a 5-point scale. The novel verbs were chosen to vary continuously along the orth...

The disadvantage in producing the past tense of regular relative to irregular verbs shown by some patients with non-fluent aphasia has been alternatively attributed (a) to the failure of a specific rule-based morphological mechanism, or (b) to a more generalised phonological impairment that penalises regular verbs more than irregular owing to the on-average greater phonological complexity of re...