In eukaryotes, targeting the small ribosomal subunit to the mRNA transcript requires a Kozak sequence at the translation initiation site. Despite the critical importance of the Kozak sequence to regulation of gene expression, there have been no correlation studies between its natural variance and efficiency of translation. Combining bioinformatics analysis with molecular biology techniques, and...

Antigenic variance may be defined as phenotypic expressions that are due to slight differences in gene sequences coding for viral proteins with antigenic reactivity (CALISHER 1988). Evidence for antigenic variance due to mutations and reassortment in the Bunyaviridae family is great and has been obtained by several different approaches. The main intent of this review, however, is not to discuss...

The cultivated apple (Malus domestica) is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated in different regions of the world including Iran. For production and breeding of high quality apple, the knowledge of genetic diversity of the cultivated apples  is  necessary. Therefore we studied genetic diversity of 25 genotypes by using ISSR molecular markers. In present study, ten ISSR primers produc...

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze genetic differentiation among three populations of the endemic Black-cheeked Gnateater (Conopophaga melanops melanops) within a larger pristine reminiscent of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) (phiST=0.13149, P<0.0001) and the nonparametric test for homogeneity of the molecular variance (H...

Recently, Sargent and Shanthikumar [5] developed an interesting new variance reduction technique designed to exploit the stochastic structure associated with a cyclic regenerative process. Our purpose here is to study precise conditions under which the confidence intervals proposed in [5] are asymptotically valid. This analysis will provide us with the side benefit of obtaining an optimal way o...

The authors consider the problem of estimating, under quadratic loss, the mean of a spherically symmetric distribution when its norm is supposed to be known and when a residual vector is available. They give a necessary and sufficient condition for the optimal James-Stein estimator to dominate the usual estimator. Various examples are given that are not necessarily variance mixtures of normal d...

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of the most frequently used statistical methods in medical research. The need for ANOVA arises from the error of alpha level inflation, which increases Type 1 error probability (false positive) and is caused by multiple comparisons. ANOVA uses the statistic F, which is the ratio of between and within group variances. The main interest of analysis is focused o...