The relationship between the urban and rural world is examined here from the standpoint of the role of local leaders and their retinues of armed men, their impact on the cities and the impact of the cities on them. In periods of state weakness or disintegration, Afghan cities were unable to resist the ‘solidarity groups’ which had coagulated in the countryside under the pressure of constant con...

Soil aggregate stability index and particulate organic matter in response to differently afforested lands the temperate regions of Iran | Masoomeh Soleimany, Jamshid Eslamdoust, Moslem Akbarinia, Yahya Kooch Agricultural Journals

ibn khaldunis known as a muslim arab historian, sociologist, anthropologist and politian of 8 hijra century (14th a.d. century). he is the founder of the historical science and the pioneer of the civil science and the father of the economics science. in his introduction book3f4, he has predicted the beginning of different sciences for the future generation that today each of them has become a s...

Background: Odontogenic tumors are derived from the epithelial and/or mesenchymal remnants of the tooth-forming apparatus. Therefore, they are found exclusively in tooth-bearing areas. Similar to other neoplasms in the body, odontogenic tumors tend to histologically mimic the cell or tissue of origin. Case history: A 5-year-old boy presented with a chief complaint of pain in the mandible whi...

Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) was an Arab physician who made several important contributions to the early knowledge of the pulmonary circulation. He was the first person to challenge the long-held contention of the Galen School that blood could pass through the cardiac interventricular septum, and in keeping with this he believed that all the blood that reached the left ventricle passed through the ...

Islamic medicine, Arabic medicine, Arab-Islamic medicine, or Greco-Arab and Islamic medicine refers to medicine developed in the Golden Age of the Arab-Islamic civilization, which extended from Spain in the west to Central Asia and India in the east. In temporal terms it covered a period of roughly nine centuries, from the middle of the seventh to the end of the fifteenth century. Medicine was ...