Giant clam shell mining (GCSM), a unique phenomenon occurring at remote coral reefs in the southern South China Sea (SCS), forms striking scars on reef flats and damages flat substrate. Through image analyses three times (2004.02.02, 2014.02.26, 2019.04.10) situ surveys Ximen Reef, representative site that has experienced GCSM, we quantified GCSM-generated substrate damage corresponding recover...

The month of onset, duration, and incidence of dental enamel hypoplasia and hypocalcification was determined in sub-adults from the Dickson Mounds (Illinois) skeletal series (A.D. 950-1300). The onset of enamel defects occurred predominantly during the intrauterine period, suggesting maternal stress. There are marked differences in survivorship and the duration of enamel disruption in those aff...

The Faxe limestone quarry in eastern Denmark exposes Danian (Lower Paleocene) cool-water carbonate deposits. They constitute remnants of an apparent build-up that covers about 12 km2 today. deposits at are conspicuous due to their pronounced thickness coral relative the regional system. In quarry, scleractinian corals uniquely exposed up 30 m high mounds. rapid accumulation scleractinians combi...