Causal effect estimation from observational data is one of the essential problems in causal inference. However, most methods rely on strong assumption that all confounders are observed, which impractical and untestable real world. We develop a mediation analysis framework inferring latent confounder for debiasing both direct indirect effects. Specifically, we introduce generalized structural eq...

introduction: multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of central nervous system. the etiology of ms is slightly known, but genetic and environmental factors are reported. vitamin d regulates gene expression and affects target cell functions. the aim of this study was to investigate the expression variation of il-2 and il-4 genes under vitamin d supplementation in patients with mult...

interferons (ifns) are a family of small regulatory glycoproteins that play a central role in the defense against viral infections. although ifns have been initially discovered as antiviral factors, today they are known as an integral part of the cytokine network that affect a wide range of biological processes. ifns exert their pleiotropic effects through their multisubunit cell surface recept...

Regulating the activity of the immune system involves a balancing act that must allow organisms to recognize and resist pathogens while at the same time keeping in check the potentially harmful effects of an overactive immune system. Activation of the immune system can be energetically costly (3,4) and the energy allocated to immune activity at any given time likely represents a trade-off betwe...