introduction the brachial plexus, a complex network of nerves, innervates to the upper limbs. variation in the course of the nerves in the upper limb is common. case presentation this paper describes two cases of upper limb variations in a cadaver dissected at lorestan university of medical sciences. in the first variation, the median nerve in the arm has a different route, so that the median m...

Introduction Traumatic total brachial plexus injury (TTBPI) is a severe and disabling form of injury. Reconstructive modalities are complex and outcomes are variable. This is mainly because of the multitude of functions lost and relative scarcity of donor nerves to reconstruct these functions. As a result, there are several different opinions and ideologies on TTBPI. Several papers report the f...

The neurovascular and muscular anatomy about the humerus precludes the use of a truly "safe" fully extensile approach. Working around a spiraling radial nerve at the posterior midshaft requires either a transmuscular dissection or a triceps-avoiding paramuscular technique. To gain maximal exposure, the radial nerve must be mobilized at the spiral groove. For exposure of only the proximal humera...

The degeneration of lower motoneurons has often been reported in stroke survivors, with possible collateral reinnervation from the surviving to denervated muscle fibers. Under this assumption, a would be expected increase size motor units paretic muscles. We indirectly address issue electrical stimulation and surface electromyography, asking whether leads greater variations amplitude M waves el...

Methods: MDSCs were isolated from 4–8 weeks old C57BL/6J mice using a previously described pre-plate technique based on the selective adhesion potential of various cell types to type I collagen coated surfaces. Two mesenchymal-stem cell (MSC) neurogenic induction protocols (P1 vs P2) composed of various glial growth factor combinations were used for Schwann cell differentiation of MDSCs. A Schw...