Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have become a serious global health problem as the population ages. Traditionally, treatment strategies for NDs included oral and intravenous administration; however, blood–brain barrier (BBB) can prevent drugs from reaching brain, rendering incomplete effect unsatisfactory. Additionally, prolonged or excessive use of that cross BBB damage liver kidney function....

Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) has attracted substantial interest in materials synthesis, energy storage, environmental governance, and biomedical science since it was first reported 2007. PDA, owing to its excellent biocompatibility photothermal conversion efficiency ( ? ), been used therapy alone combination with photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, radiation immunotherapy, gas for cancer ...