Abstract At present, volume measurement is still used in transfer of natural gas China, so the calculation and management Unaccounted for Gas are based on measurement. With change method from to energy measurement, will be paid more attention. This paper investigates methods measures China other countries, compares research progress. The results show that: general principles countries basically...

In electricity networks with high penetration levels of renewable resources, Flexible Ramping Products (FRPs) are among the utilized measures for dealing potential fluctuations in net demand. This paper investigates coordinated operation Integrated Electricity-Gas Systems (IEGSs) considering FRPs. To accurately model and reflect effects variations natural gas fuel demand on network, a dynamic O...

network expansion studies normally offer new power lines, new substations or expansion of existing substations. they are generally proposed based on technical requirements, but financial restrictions are not considered. because of financial restrictions, ranking of network expansion plans is required. in this paper an algorithm for such ranking, based on technical and financial view points and ...

Granular residual is created in the banking network when there are a few large banks with many small banks. In this case, the effect of the shocks on each bank not lost in total that can lead to macro-economic consequences. The transmission of monetary policy through change in bank facilities is one of the key mechanisms affecting monetary policies. The power of transmission of monetary policy ...

Methane is one of the most serious greenhouse gases contributing to irreversible climate change. The contribution of methane emissions from leaking pipelines and the expected increased throughput through the pipelines prompted the natural gas industry to set a goal of reducing emissions by 50% by 2010. The integrity of the pipelines is critical to the safety of the gas transportation infrastruc...