Vitamins are organic compounds distinct from fats, carbohydrates and proteins, naturally found in most foods items in minute amounts for normal physiological function. Their essentiality in poultry nutrition is evidenced by diverse deficiency symptoms that manifest when they are lacking. They are intimately involved in a series of roles in organisms as antioxidant molecules, modulators of gene ...

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are expressed as four different isoforms (HCN1-4) in the heart and in the central and peripheral nervous systems. HCN channels are activated by membrane hyperpolarization at voltages close to resting membrane potentials and carry the hyperpolarization-activated current, dubbed If (funny current) in heart and Ih in neurons. HCN c...

The following review article from Journal of Clinical Neurology, “Endogenous zinc in neurological diseases” by Jae-Young Koh, published on Oct 2005 has been withdrawn from publication by agreenment between the author, the journal Editor-in-Chief, Sang-Ahm Lee, and the publisher ML communicaitons Co., Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to substantial overlap of the content of this article w...

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used to treat a number of immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases. The pharmacokinetic proprieties of IVIg in healthy persons are well defined. The broad range of clinical applications of IVIg shows the importance of immunoglobulins in the immune homeostasis in healthy people. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is an immunomodulating agent that has multip...

Most of our current knowledge about cellular phenotypes related to neu-rological diseases was gathered from studies performed in brain tissue collected post--mortem. These samples often represent the end-stage of the disease process and maynot represent a fair picture of how the disease developed over time. furthermore, underthese conditions, the pathology may as well be a secon...

Although neurological ailments continue to be some of the main causes of disease burden in the world, current therapies such as pharmacological agents have limited potential in the restoration of neural functions. Cell therapies, firstly applied to treat different hematological diseases, are now being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for neurological illnesses. However, the pote...

The finding of eye abnormalities in patients with neurological disease is important for both clinical management and genetic research (Miller and Newman, 2004). In fact, if we exclude degenerative, vascular and inflammatory causes of both eye and neurological pathologies, in some cases we have a genetic origin of conditions, and it is well known that there is eye involvement in numerous genetic...

Dynamics of neuronal networks can be altered in at least two ways: by changes in connectivity, that is, the physical architecture of the network, or changes in the amplitudes and kinetics of the intrinsic and synaptic currents within and between the elements making up a network. We argue that the latter changes are often overlooked as sources of alterations in network behavior when there are al...