This paper reviews the empirical literature on growth and convergence that has addressed the importance of spatial factors. An important distinction in this literature is the one between absolute and relative location. The literature on absolute location predominantly uses non-spatial econometric techniques, and is strongly linked to the economic growth literature. In contrast, studies on relat...

A welfare framework for the analysis of the spatial dimensions of sustainability is developed. It covers agglomeration effects, interregional trade, negative environmental externalities, and various land use categories. Themodel is used to compare rankings of spatial configurations according to evaluations based on social welfare and ecological footprint indicators. Five spatial configurations ...

A substantial part of the economic growth literature suggests that historically, geographic features such as decreasing trade costs have improved not only output but also growth. However, this literature lacks an analytical motivation for lower trade barriers, and assumes their decrease to obtain exogenously and at no cost. This paper attempts to address the issue by investigating how endogenou...

This paper explores conceptions of rural-tourist landscapes in late nineteenth century Vermont. Traditionally, scholarly and popular discourse about rural tourism have identified nostalgia and the tourist’s search for harmonious pastoral landscapes as dominant themes in tourist promotions, and as dominant motivations for tourist travel. This paper adds alternative perspectives to this discourse...

This paper provides a survey and guide to the literature relevant to urbanization and economic development. The paper starts with some basic facts and trends about urbanization worldwide. It then reviews the traditional twosector urban-rural model, but focuses on the modern version, Krugman’s coreperiphery model. However, two sector models do not capture the notion of an economy composed of man...

researchers in their reviewing of international market literature which practical experiences in iran indicate it demonstrate that to choose a foreign market there are two approaches: expansion and systematic approach. firms that use expansion approach, through the culturally and geographically similar markets starts working in international markets. however, in systematic approach, firms use a...

This paper has two main goals. The first is to study the links between the “new” economic theories, this is, the “new” trade theory, the “new” growth theory and the “new” economic geography. These are three apparently distinct strands of economics, yet they have a common motivation: the role of increasing returns and the consequent market structure (imperfect/monopolistic competition). The seco...