Two long-standing problems with the post-Newtonian approximation for isolated slowly-moving systems in general relativity are : (i) the appearance at high post-Newtonian orders of divergent Poisson integrals, casting a doubt on the soundness of the post-Newtonian series; (ii) the domain of validity of the approximation which is limited to the near-zone of the source, and prevents one, a priori,...

Deep space laser ranging missions like ASTROD I (Single-Spacecraft Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices) and ASTROD, together with astrometry missions like GAIA and LATOR will be able to test relativistic gravity to an unprecedented level of accuracy. More precisely, these missions will enable us to test relativistic gravity to 10−7−10−9 of the size of relativistic (pos...

Action at distance in Newtonian physics is replaced by finite propagation speeds in classical post–Newtonian physics. As a result, the differential equations of motion in Newtonian physics are replaced by functional differential equations, where the delay associated with the finite propagation speed is taken into account. Newtonian equations of motion, with post–Newtonian corrections, are often...

After a very basic introduction about the geometric view of gravitation, we deal with Newtonian and post-Newtonian approximations giving an overview of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism. In the final part, we focus on the classical experimental tests. This is a bibliographic work in which an effort has been made to explore the historical timeline and motivation, managing the original re...

Peter van Keken a, David A. Yuen b and Arie van den Berg a Received November 21, 1991, revision accepted June 17, 1992 Recent laboratory work has suggested that the rheology of the lower mantle may be Newtonian. We have studied the time-dependent dynamics of plumes interacting with a rheological interface separating an upper non-Newtonian mantle and a Newtonian lower mantle . Pulsating diapiric...

Newtonian forces are pushes and pulls, possessing magnitude and direction, that are exerted (in the first instance) by objects, and which cause (in particular) motions. I defend Newtonian forces against the four best reasons for denying or doubting their existence. A running theme in my defense of forces will be the suggestion that Newtonian Mechanics is a special science, and as such has certa...