N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide [4-HPR], a synthetic retinoid, has been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis by a mechanism that is not fully understood. Because the nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) has also been shown to regulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells, we postulated that 4-HPR modulates the activity of NF-KB. To test this postulate, we examined ...

Apoptosis is important in normal development as well as in diseases such as atherosclerosis. However, the regulation of apoptosis is still not completely understood. We now show that the transcription factor nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) controls the induction of apoptosis in human and rat vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). SMCs in high-density culture exhibited a high NF-kB activity and were ins...

Introduction: Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Despite extensive studies, the prognostic impact of infiltrating Tregs in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) remains unclear. Emerging studies suggest substantial heterogeneity phenotypes and suppressive capacity Tregs, emphasizing importance understanding Treg diversity need for mark...

BACKGROUND The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) arrests cells when kinetochores are unattached to spindle microtubules. The signaling pathway is initiated at the kinetochores by one SAC component, Mad2, which catalyzes the initial steps of the cascade via the conformational dimerization of its open and closed conformers. Away from kinetochores, the dimerization surface of Mad2 has been propose...

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is well known for its cytotoxic effect on malignant cells. Its role in cell cycle control is relatively less known. In this study, we found that TNF induced G(1) arrest of TF-1 and MV4-11 cells while simultaneously causing apoptosis. Treatment of the cells with TNF for 48 h caused cell cycle arrest, accompanied by dephosphorylation of pRb and reduction in D-typ...

Myc and Mad family proteins play opposing roles in the control of cell growth and proliferation. We have visualized the subcellular locations of complexes formed by Myc/Max/Mad family proteins using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis. Max was recruited to different subnuclear locations by interactions with Myc versus Mad family members. Complexes formed by Max with Mxi1, M...

The chromosomal locations of the human genes NFKBl and NFKBP, which encode two alternative DNA binding subunits of the NF-KB complex, ~105 andp49/plOO, respectively, have been determined. ~105 was assigned to 4q21.1-q24 and p49/ ~100 to chromosome 10 by Southern blot analysis of panels of human/Chinese hamster cell hybrids. The locations were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and ...

During development, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) regulates the proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs) in part via expression of Nmyc. We present evidence supporting a novel role for the Mad family member Mad3 in the Shh pathway to regulate Nmyc expression and GNP proliferation. Mad3 mRNA is transiently expressed in GNPs during proliferation. Cultured GNPs express Mad3 in response ...

PURPOSE In the gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected patients with gastritis or adenocarcinoma, proliferation of gastric epithelial cells is increased. Hyperproliferation is related to induction of oncogenes, such as β-catenin and c-myc. Even though transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 are activated in H. pylori-infected cells, whether NF-κB or AP-1 regulates the expression...

Both innate and adaptive immune responses are dependent on activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), induced upon binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In murine models, defects in NF-kappaB pathway are often lethal and viable knockout mice have severe immune defects. Similarly, defects in the human NF-kappaB pathway described to date lead to se...