Once spilled into soils, dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) such as chlorinated solvents migrate deep into the subsurface because of their high density. Their downward migration typically continues until capillary forces balance gravitational forces or until essentially impermeable strata are reached. Efforts to mobilize the DNAPL for remediation purposes risks driving the contaminants dee...

P-Type cuprous oxide (Cu2O) photoelectrodes prepared by the thermal oxidation of Cu foils exhibited open-circuit voltages in excess of 800 mV in nonaqueous regenerative photoelectrochemical cells. In contact with the decamethylcobaltocene (Me10CoCp2 ) redox couple, cuprous oxide yielded opencircuit voltage, Voc, values of 820 mV and short-circuit current density, Jsc, values of 3.1 mA cm 2 unde...

1. Advantages of Chemical Redox Agents 878 2. Disadvantages of Chemical Redox Agents 879 C. Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents 879 D. Reversible vs Irreversible ET Reagents 879 E. Categorization of Reagent Strength 881 II. Oxidants 881 A. Inorganic 881 1. Metal and Metal Complex Oxidants 881 2. Main Group Oxidants 887 B. Organic 891 1. Radical Cations 891 2. Carbocations 893 3. Cyanocarbons and ...

In order to exploit fully the biotechnological opportunities afforded by nonaqueous enzymology, the issue of often drastically diminished enzymatic activity in organic solvents compared with that in water must be addressed and resolved. Recent studies have made great strides towards elucidating causes of this phenomenon of activity loss. None of these causes is insurmountable; by designing stra...

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was used to monitor the movement of a fluorinated hydrocarbon dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) through a saturated porous medium within a laboratory column. Impedance measurements were made using a horizontal plane of 12 electrodes positioned at regular intervals around the centre of the column. A 2D inversion algorithm, which incorporated the cylindri...

The electrochemical behavior of quinoline in anhydrous liquid ammonia was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry. In the absence of added alkylating agent, quinoline is reduced in two steps to yield the radical anion and dianion both of which undergo further chemical reaction. The radical anion species dimerizes to form the dimeric dianion which is stable in the ...

Sodium borohydride or sodium tetrahydroborate is used as a reducing agent in many organic and inorganic reactions. Therefore, the determination of sodium borohydride present in the system is of great importance. Borohydride releases hydrogen under appropriated conditions in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Since the amount of hydrogen emitted is proportional to the amount of borohydride, th...

A comprehensive model has been developed for calculating the thermal conductivity of aqueous, nonaqueous, and mixed-solvent electrolyte systems ranging from dilute solutions to fused salts or pure solutes. The model consists of a correlation for calculating the thermal conductivity of solvent mixtures and a method for predicting the effect of electrolyte components. The thermal conductivity of ...

We investigated the dependence on solvents of optical absorption and emission of the bacteriochlorophyll a-serine (BChl-ser), a water soluble bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) derivative. Comparison between the experimental data and those collected for BChl in nonaqueous solvents shows that only a minor interaction takes place between serine and the macrocycle's pi-electron system. Nevertheless, the c...

We describe a new electrohydrodynamic phenomenon observed in inhomogeneous, nonaqueous colloidal dispersions with a spatially varying particle number concentration. In the presence of an external electric field, the dielectric constant and conductivity gradients in these systems engender fluid motion which results in the formation of patterned colloidal structures: columns, disks, and other mor...