The Girard-Reynolds polymorphic -calculus is generally regarded as a calculus of parametric polymorphism in which all well-formed terms are strongly normalizing with respect to -reductions. Girard demonstrated that the additional of a simple "non-parametric" operation, J , to the calculus allows the de nition of a non-normalizing term. Since the type of J is not inhabited by any closed term, on...

OBJECTIVE To perform geographical analysis of the number of biomedical publications produced in 20 Arab countries over a 15-year period from 1987 to 2001 and to compare publication rates normalized by country population, school enrollment, adult illiteracy, and gross domestic product (GDP). METHODS This study was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-A...

Many of us in the social sciences deal with data that do not conform to assumptions of normality and/or homoscedasticity/homogeneity of variance. Some research has shown that parametric tests (e.g., multiple regression, ANOVA) can be robust to modest violations of these assumptions. Yet the reality is that almost all analyses (even nonparametric tests) benefit from improved the normality of var...

We define an extension of λ-calculus with linear combinations of terms, with coefficients taken in a fixed rig R. We extend β-reduction on these terms as follows: at + u reduces to at + u as soon as term t reduces to t and a is a non-zero scalar. We prove that reduction is confluent. Under the assumption that R is a positive rig (i.e. a sum of scalars is zero iff all of them are zero), we show ...