Here we present a simple and low-cost production method to generate paper-based microfluidic devices with wax for portable bioassay. The wax patterning method we introduced here included three different ways: (i) painting with a wax pen, (ii) printing with an inkjet printer followed by painting with a wax pen, (iii) printing by a wax printer directly. The whole process was easy to operate and c...

The author contends that sex differentials in childhood mortality in Pakistan are a likely outcome of son preference behavior by parents. Consideration is given to the historical improvement in the female disadvantage in mortality, the neglect of female children, gender and class factors, and son preference and high fertility. Data are from the 1981 Pakistan census and other official surveys....

The aim of this study was, to derive well-performed four-color printer device characterisation models (DCMs), which were afterwards used to pack up entries of the look up table (LUT) to perform the actual complex colour-image transformations. Based on both non-linear and non-ideal behaviours of primary colorants, two types of printing device characterisation model approaches were proposed in th...

An ink separation algorithm is introduced for printing with 6 to 9 inks. A spectral gamut mapping algorithm is also introduced that projects an input reflectance onto the manifold of the printer spectral gamut space The ink separation, which is finding the best ink combination to reproduce a given reflectance, is done by applying an interpolation between printer gamut points neighboring a proje...

This paper summarizes the results of a visual psychophysical investigation of the relationship between two important printer parameters: addressability (expressed in terms of dots per inch or DPI) and grayscale capability (expressed in terms of the number of graylevels per pixel). The photographic image quality of print output increases with both the printer DPI and the number of graylevels per...

The 3D printing process is becoming more and popular these days due to its advantages over traditional processes. A printer a machine that creates objects from plastic, nylon many other materials. printers are now portable very expensive. By analyzing this problem, we trying design printer. Compared with printers, the cost of much lower. Make low-cost price 15% lower than market. generation mai...