Limited constraints on the evolution of Lyman Continuum (LyC) escape fraction represent one primary uncertainties in theoretical determination reionization history. Due to intervening intergalactic medium (IGM), possibility observing LyC photons directly epoch is highly unlikely. For this reason, multiple indirect probes have been identified, some which are used identify low-redshift leakers (e...

This study evaluates the impact of pre-discovery licensing on innovation and product market efficiency. Pre-discovery licensing is a form of R&D cooperation between firms, which accounts for more than 95% of all research collaborations. Pre-discovery licensing is pursued independently between firms, i.e., without governmental support. In contrast, in a research joint venture firms cooperate in ...

I sometimes think that general and popular treatises are almost as important for the progress of science as original work.” — Charles Darwin, 1865 As the largest encyclopedia in the world, it is not surprising that Wikipedia reflects the state of scientific knowledge. However, Wikipedia is also one of the most accessed websites in the world, including by scientists, which suggests that it also ...

This paper examines the diversity of the types of links of firms to science and their effect on innovation performance for a sample of Belgian firms. While at the industry level links to science are highly related to the R&D intensity of the sector, we show that there exists considerable heterogeneity in the type of links to science at the firm level. Overall, firms with a science link enjoy su...

The patent is supposed to be a means to an end, that end being innovation. Whether the innovation comes from the protection the patent affords the inventor, or from the dissemination of the information of invention the patent allows, the patent is not meant to be an end in itself. This seems to be changing, the patent acquiring a strategic value increasingly independent of innovation. If this d...

Expert Leaders in a Fast-Moving Environment This paper is an attempt to understand the effects of leaders on organizational performance. We argue for an ‘expert leader’ model of leadership. We differentiate between four kinds of leaders according to their level of inherent knowledge and industry experience. After controlling for confounding variables, teams led by leaders with extensive knowled...

In recent years, a number of firms from Asia and Latin America have been internationalizing their businesses to access new markets and to acquire new technology. This follows similar attempts only a few years earlier by leading firms from countries such as Korea and Taiwan. Much research has gone during the last two decades into understanding the success of Korean and Taiwanese firms. In this p...

Are some management practices akin to a technology that can explain company and national productivity, or are do they simply reflect alternative styles? We collect panel data on core management practices in over 10,000 firms in 30 countries. We find large cross country differences, with the US having the highest size-weighted average management score. About one fifth of these cross-country mana...

In this paper, the motivations of R&D by multinationals are investigated by using a large firm level dataset from Chinese official statistics on science and technology activities. Growing intensity of R&D activities is found both for foreign owned and domestic firms. But, it is also found that the R&D intensity at foreign owned firms is relatively smaller. This may be due to the fact that forei...