through the history and since 1933, the iranian rial has declined from 11.2 rials per dollar to almost 8600 rials per dollar today in the parallel or black market. at the same time the official rate has been kept at artificial level most of the time, not consistent with other macro conditions of the country. historically, however, the central bank has adjusted the official rate and brought it i...

PURPOSE This document addresses aspects of the performance and interpretation of spirometry that are particularly important in the workplace, where inhalation exposures can affect lung function and cause or exacerbate lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or fibrosis. METHODS Issues that previous American Thoracic Society spirometry statements did not adequatel...

Most companies generate little drama as they manage the daily tension of their uncertain futures. And they rather like it that way, since forecasting errors can generate bad publicity. After the fact, it is usually easy to understand why a calculated gamble failed due to a bit of bad luck. It is more difficult to identify a mistake for which management is responsible. In this column, I’ll focus...

At the 2007 Position Development Conference, the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Technical Task Force investigated three major areas of bone density testing. Although bone mineral density (BMD) testing in men had previously been reviewed at the 2005 Position Development Conference, we reviewed the most recent data in men to develop appropriate indications for bone density testing in men. We co...

background : a healthy organization is a place that people like to work and they are proud of being a part of it. this study aimed to evaluate the relation between organizational health indicators and organizational effectiveness among employees of isfahan university of medical sciences. methods: this cross – sectional study was done on 672 employees in seven staffs of iums. samples were select...

This paper focuses on the structure and substance of Core Content Framework (CCF), a controversial document which stipulates content that providers teacher education in England must incorporate their programmes. We identify both concept instrumental trainability lack coherence CCF suggests it is unsuitable as guide to curriculum for education. Drawing Bernstein’s work its application by other s...