by studying the evolution history of budgeting systems, you may discern three stages: in the first stage, controlling role of budget is regarded its major function. in the second stage, budget is considered as a means for management improvement. in the third stage, the role of budget is considered in economic planning, implementation of programs and government performance management. after worl...

Modern approaches to the assessment of operational stage life cycle highway are analyzed. The necessity improving criteria characterizing condition at this stage, taking into account both structural properties pavement and functional parameters reflecting comfort safety users, is noted. As main indicator cycle, an proposed – total energy dissipation. possibility using "total dissipation" consid...