Iran is suffering from the 2(nd) most severe addiction to opioids in the world. While the explanation of this enormous drug problem is refutably related to drug trafficking, the drug dilemma also illustrates the chain reaction of the imposed war with Iraq in 1980 - 88; the problems of poverty, unemployment, urbanization, homelessness, adultery, family crises, divorce, domestic violence, and run...

BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of opium addiction and cigarette smoking on the complete blood count (CBC). METHODS Eighty-six male subjects, including 31 opium-addicted cigarette smokers (OACS), 19 opium-addicted non-cigarette smokers (OANCS), 17 non-opium-addicted cigarette smokers (NOACS), and 19 non-opium-addicted non-cigarette smokers (NOANCS) parti...

The New Prophetic Churches is a religion in the mix, demonstrated by their points of contact with classical Pentecostalism, prosperity gospel, African independent churches, and traditional religion. have Pentecostalism reference to doctrine baptism Holy Spirit speaking tongues. They are also influenced religions connection spirit world. In addition, they churches concerning use healing delivera...

BACKGROUND A number of abnormalities has been identified among drug addicted users especially heroin addicts. However, there are a few studies to assess the opium effects on thyroid hormones. the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of opium on the thyroid function tests. METHOD In this case-control, 50 male addicts, aged 20-50 years, with history of addiction to opium lastin...

BACKGROUND Opium addiction alters immune responses to stresses such as an injury due to changing the secretion of cytokines. The present study assessed the effect of opium addiction on the cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10] before and after laparotomy. METHODS Male rats were randomly divided into control and opium addicted (n = 20...

BACKGROUND Despite some evidences about protective or triggering role of opium use in patients with coronary artery disease, the exact role of opium is still under question. The current study aimed to address the relation of opium dependence on the severity and extension of myocardial infarction (MI) and its related mortality. METHODS The study population consisted of 460 consecutive patients...

Globally, non-medical heroin use is generating significant public health and social harms, drug policy about a controversial field that encompasses many complex issues. Policy responses to illegal markets have varied from militarized eradication of the opium poppy harsh punishment users, more tolerant harm reduction approaches with decriminalized possession use. This paper reports outcomes mult...

Background: Atherosclerosis has an essential role in causing cardiovascular diseases. Various factors affect the risk of coronary artery atherosclerosis, and increase carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a primary marker for detecting atherosclerotic changes wall. Since opioid use one leading social health problems many countries, this study aimed to detect influencing CIMT opium consumers....