The orientation of chemical bonds in thin films is commonly probed with polarized internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Here we demonstrate how the internal reflection spectra obtained using s-polarized light are related with the corresponding p-polarized spectra. The relation between s- and p-polarized internal reflection spectra is applied to resolve the absorption band...

Philosophers of experiment have acknowledged that experiments are often more than mere hypothesis-tests, once thought to be an experiment’s exclusive calling. Drawing on examples from contemporary biology, I make an additional amendment to our understanding of experiment by examining the way that ‘wide’ instrumentation can, for reasons of efficiency, lead scientists away from traditional hypoth...

In active noise control (ANC) systems, virtual microphones provide a means of projecting the zone of quiet away from the physical microphone to a remote location. To date, linear ANC algorithms, such as the filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm, have been used with virtual sensing techniques. In this paper, a nonlinear ANC algorithm is developed for a virtual microphone by integrating ...

Pre-polished Ge(111) single-crystal wafers were deformed just below the melting temperature to prepare point-focusing Johansson monochromator crystals. The (111) lattice plane had curvature 2R in the focusing plane and R perpendicular to it, with a hemispherical inner surface with a radius of R = 600 mm. By using Cu Kalpha radiation, the diverging X-ray beam was focused onto a small spot.

First-principles calculations are used to calculate the strain dependencies of the binding and diffusionactivation energies for Ge adatoms on both Si~001! and Ge~001! surfaces. Our calculations reveal that the binding and activation energies on a strained Ge~001! surface increase and decrease, respectively, by 0.21 and 0.12 eV per percent compressive strain. For a growth temperature of 600 °C, ...

The rural Nigeria has the largest number of citizens with not less than 75% of the country’s total population living in the rural areas. It is the collective desire of this vast majority of the Nigerian population to access development irrespective of political, economic and social status. The local government is the most veritable agent of developing the rural areas. This is informed by the lo...

The angular sensitivity of Brewster-angle reflection polarizers (BARP) is first studied approximately by determining the Taylor series expansion of the parallel reflectance R(p) as a function of angle of incidence ø near the Brewster angle ø(B). Subsequently, exact and explicit equations are derived that determine the lower and upper limits, ø(l) and ø(u), of the range of ø, that includes ø(B),...

This study examines data drawn from the game show Friend or Foe? which is similar to the classic prisoner’s dilemma tale: partnerships are endogenously determined, and players work together to earn money, after which they play a one-shot prisoner’s dilemma game over large stakes: varying from $200 to (potentially) more than $22,000. The data reveal several interesting insights; perhaps most pro...