Total and free cortisol levels are significantly elevated in pregnancy, but the reasons for this are not clear. The relationships between the diurnal variation in saliva (free) cortisol and baseline levels of total cortisol, corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG), progesterone, and estrogens were studied in several groups of women (normal nonpregnant, taking a combined oral contraceptive pill, a...

BACKGROUND The acceptability and continuation rate of oral contraceptive steroids are limited by unpredictable bleeding and the fear of long-term risks such as breast cancer. By inhibiting ovulation and by altering the receptivity of the endometrium, antagonists of progesterone, such as mifepristone, could be developed as estrogen-free novel contraceptives. METHODS Multicentre, double-blind, ...

To determine the effectiveness of contraceptive use a two year audit of pregnant women registered in one group practice was carried out. The methods of contraception used by women with unplanned pregnancies were studied and the rates of failure assessed. Of the 518 pregnancies during the study, 187 (36%) were unplanned. Unplanned pregnancies were most common in the 15-19 age group (54 out of 18...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine attitudes to, and provision of, extended regimens for taking the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) by specialist contraception practitioners from three contrasting specialist contraception services in London. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was administered to all doctors and nurses, who counsel, provide, or prescribe the ora...

and Femodene [1] standard strength combined oral contraceptive (gestodene 75 g þ ethinylestradiol 30 g) (combined oral contraceptive). Her arthritis improved with the methotrexate but she developed intermenstrual bleeding of bright red blood for 3 h after every methotrexate dose. She stopped the methotrexate for 2 weeks and bled again after rechallenge. Her normal withdrawal periods became heav...

BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive pills effectiveness is lower in actual use than in clinical trials. The views of a group of married Iranian women were sought as a step toward improving the enhanced use of contraceptive pills. METHODS Two focus groups of current pill users (n=13) and two focus groups of women not currently taking the pills (n=14) were held. Leaders trained facilitators; themes w...

Following the legalization of abortion in the United States, scholars have studied its impact on a wide variety of factors including women’s educational choices and labor force decisions, abortion rates, and most controversially, crime. Economists have also investigated the determinants of state abortion restrictions, exploring the importance of demographic characteristics, locational availabil...

Background: Combined oral contraceptive is the most known and popular method of contraception. The combined pill was first commercially marketed in 1960. Earlier investigators reported that early pills had many side effects. Despite modifications on OCPs terms content dosage to lessen their effects, newer contraceptives still have some hepatotoxic Aim Objectives: objective this study investigat...