We report enhanced electrochemical detection of single water-in-oil emulsion droplets using the nano-impact method. To detect droplets, water molecules in were directly oxidized (i.e., splitting) without additional electroactive species when collided with ultramicroelectrode. The droplet cannot be electrolyzed an organic solvent because emulsifier does not require a hydrophobic electrolyte. enh...

Tandem structures can boost the efficiency of organic solar cell to more than 15%, compared to the 10% limit of single layer bulk heterojunction devices. Design and fabricating of intermediate layers plays a very important role to achieve high device performance. This article will review the main experimental progresses of tandem organic solar cells, and focus on the intermediate layers (charge...