This article critically assesses five areas that may together make the Irish organized crime milieu distinctive. First, there is minimal research. Second, groups and illicit enterprises are often characterized as “family-gangs.” Third, some violent conflicts framed family feuds. Fourth, a broad range of paramilitary have influenced crime, in variety ways. Fifth, many internationally mobile. Thr...

Abstract Safety net programs, common in settings with high informality like Latin America, often use a means test to establish eligibility. We ask: which organized crime provides lucrative opportunities the informal market, will discouraging formal employment via benefits eligibility criteria increase criminal enterprise activity? link administrative socioeconomic microdata universe of arrests ...

Abstract While scholars of state crime and organized have frequently explored the intersection these fields with green criminology, for most part they not brought two together as criminality a means to explore environmental destruction. Of few explorations that do exist, embrace non-speciesist perspective. In this article, we develop theory explain Norwegian state-licensed killing wolves, pheno...