Dialog systems for mobile robots operating in the real world should enable mixedinitiative dialog style, handle multi-modal information involved in the communication and be relatively independent of the domain knowledge. Most dialog systems developed for mobile robots today, however, are often system-oriented and have limited capabilities. We present an agentbased dialog model that are speciall...

Modal verbs in English are challenging to learn by speakers of other languages. The purpose of thiswas to shed light on the use of gesture in learning English modal verbs by Persian-speaking children.To achieve this, 60 elementary Iranian learners, studying at some institutes in Karaj took part in thisstudy. The participants were randomly put into one experimental group and one control group. T...

Two hypotheses concerning the nature of lexical access, the exhaustive access and the terminating ordered search hypotheses, were examined in two separate studies using a cross modal lexical priming task. In this task, subjects listened to sentences that were biased toward either the primary interpretation (a meaning occurring 75% or more of the time) or a secondary interpretation (a meaning oc...

For years linguists have noted that intonation patterns and sentence-final discourse particles encode similar meanings across languages (e.g., [23], [21]). Yet the division of labor between the two kinds of systems—and in particular whether there exists a compensatory distribution between them— remains to be clarified. In this article, we focus on two languages within the Romance group (Catalan...

Discussions derived from epistemology and its sub-branches are of the most important theoretical grounds affecting theoretical basis of art schools in particular architecture styles. During recent decades, two approaches of epistemology have been reciprocally shaped to know how one can paraphrase the meaning of physical environment. In the first approach, the audience and his knowledge are main...

In this paper, we present an environment for authoring pervasive multimodal user interfaces. It is composed of a set of XML-based languages, transformations among such languages, and an authoring tool. It provides designers with the possibility of designing interfaces for a wide set of platforms, which support various modalities. We describe how the environment has deeply changed from the initi...

We use Maude as our speciication language and the modal-calculus as our logic. We apply to speciications in Maude a framework of abstraction and veriication based on property-preserving mappings between transition systems. Firstly, we demonstrate how to employ abstraction in veriication of object-oriented speciications of distributed systems. Secondly, we use this framework to nd classes of pro...

Words such as what-d’you-call-it raise issues at the heart of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Expressions of this kind are conventionalised and have meanings which, while very general, are explicitly oriented to the interactional nature of the speech context, drawing attention to a speaker’s assumption that the listener can figure out what the speaker is referring to. The details of such me...

Epistemic modals have long been observed to be ambiguous between a speaker-oriented interpretation (Lyon’s 1977 ‘subjective’ interpretation) and an interpretation that reflects general knowledge (the ‘objective’ interpretation). In recent work, Papafragou (2006) argues that subjectively interpreted epistemics are non-truth conditional, and that this results from them being indexical to the spea...