The recent discovery of a plethodontid salamander, Karsenia koreana, in Korea challenged our understanding of the biogeographic history of the family Plethodontidae, by far the largest family of salamanders, which otherwise is distributed in the New World with a few European species. Molecular studies suggest that Karsenia forms a clade with Hydromantes (sensu lato), which includes among its sp...

two species of the family colubridae were compared based on cranial osteology. the specimens were from kermanshah province (2010–2012). we compared the skulls of the two species and distinguished their differences. according to our study, eight elements of the skull are clearly different between the two species. these differences are speculated to relate to different diets, prey size or conclud...

the skull of two lacertid lizards of iran including eremias persica from isfahan province, central iranian plateau and mesalina watsonana from birjand in southern khorasan province, eastern iran, was described and compared based on seven dry skull preparations. prominent differences included: the shape of the premaxilla and its articulation with other skull elements, the shape of the frontal (p...