Phylogenetic comparative methods are becoming increasingly popular for investigating evolutionary patterns and processes. However, these methods are not infallible - they suffer from biases and make assumptions like all other statistical methods.Unfortunately, although these limitations are generally well known in the phylogenetic comparative methods community, they are often inadequately asses...

FK506 and cyclosporine were used for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease. Acute GVHD was induced in Lewis rats by total-body irradiation and subsequent reconstitution with allogeneic (ACI) bone marrow and spleen cells (BMTx). GVHD was assessed by both clinical and histologic parameters during the experiment duration of 60 days, and longer for selected animals. All untreated BM rec...

We have evaluated the extent to which SNPs identified by genomewide surveys as showing unusually high levels of population differentiation in humans have experienced recent positive selection, starting from a set of 32 nonsynonymous SNPs in 27 genes highlighted by the HapMap1 project. These SNPs were genotyped again in the HapMap samples and in the Human Genome Diversity Project-Centre d'Etude ...

In this article, we address the issue of using a continuous speech recognition tool to obtain phonetic or phonological representations of speech. Two experiments were carried out in which the performance of a continuous speech recognizer (CSR) was compared to the performance of expert listeners in a task of judging whether a number of prespecified phones had been realized in an utterance. In th...

A trend towards evidence-based practice has developed in policy and the United Kingdom, States, Australia recent years, evolving to become a powerful hegemonic force. This paper considers this latest impetus teach according mandates of narrow evidence base as symptom post-truth condition, one that elevates limited body an infallible position. Drawing on interviews with practicing teachers criti...

It has often been thought that our knowledge of ourselves is different from, perhaps in some sense better than, our knowledge of things other than ourselves. Indeed, there is a thriving research area in epistemology dedicated to seeking an account of self-knowledge that would articulate and explain its difference from, and superiority over, other knowledge. Such an account would thus illuminate...

This paper examines Augustine’s account of understanding and its attainment in De Magistro. Following Myles Burnyeat,1 it is often held that Augustine is especially concerned with explanatory understanding (a complex cognitive state characterized by its synoptic nature and awareness of explanatory relations) and that a principal thesis ofDe Magistro—that there is no learning from words—should b...

The term ulū’l-amr (those in authority) is central to the Muslim understanding of leadership, although it has been understood differently by different scholars. appears twice Qur’an, namely verses 59 and 83 chapter 4 (sūrat al-Nisā’), which serve as cornerstone starting point entire religious, social, political structure Islam. This article carefully examines early exegesis Qur’anic how two hav...

the domain of the qur’an has been one of the issues which have raised various viewpoints among the muslim scholars, particularly in recent decades that it has been more widely welcomed due to the muslims increasing attention to their revealed book and their encountering with the views of other religions and schools. in this respect, three viewpoints can be clearly seen among the muslim thinkers...