INTRODUCTION Achievement of a negative fluid balance in patients with capillary leak is associated with improved outcome. We investigated the effects of a multi-modal restrictive fluid strategy aiming for negative fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS In this retrospective matched case-control study, we included 114 mechanically ventilated (MV) patients with ALI. We ...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, and there is no cure for it at present. Recent research has indicated a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and PD, which suggested that a treatment to improve insulin resistance for T2DM may be useful for PD patients. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) belongs to the incretin hormone family, which can pro...

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder, in which loss of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity results in neurotoxic levels of phenylalanine. We used the Pah(enu2/enu2) PKU mouse model in short- and long-term studies of enzyme substitution therapy with PEGylated phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PEG-PAL conjugates) from 4 different species. The most therapeutically effective PAL (Av, Anabaena va...

Public Announcement Logic (PAL) is one of the most prominent approaches to the logic of communication and it is concerned with the problem of how a group of agents gains knowledge by announcing to each other certain facts. Since its origin in the work of Plaza (1989) and Gerbrandy and Groenveled (1997), the debate was on whether announcements are assumed to be true or not. In both of cases, the...

The Project Automated Librarian (PAL) is a tool that has been created to manage the logistical problems inherent in a medium-sized software development project. The main goals of PAL are to eliminate the problems of simultaneous updates to software modules, while allowing programmers access to the latest possible versions of the software. PAL also seeks to prevent the software from getting into...

Sound is an important medium in our lives, but its ephemeral nature can be problematic when people cannot recall something they heard in the past. Motivated by everyday conversational breakdowns, we present the design of a continuous, near-term audio buffering application: the Personal Audio Loop (PAL). PAL was designed as a truly ubiquitous service to recover audio content from a person’s rece...

A lambda-free logical framework takes parameterisation and cut as the basic notions to provide a schematic mechanism for speciication of type theories and a deenitional mechanism for their use in practice. The framework presented here, PAL + , is in the spirit of de Bruijn's PAL for Automath dB80]. PAL + is a logical framework for speciication and implementation of type theories. As in Martin-L...

Glyphosate showed a remarkable effect inducing the change of flower symmetry from the actinomorphic to the zygomorphic type in Petunia hybrida. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] reduced the anthocyanin content and showed a weak inhibitory effect against phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. L-2-Aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (APA), an inhibitor of PAL activity, reduced the anthocya...

The reduced form of glutathione (GSH), when supplied to suspension cultured cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at concentrations in the range 0.01 to 1.0 millimolar, stimulates transcription of defense genes including those that encode cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) involved...

The Caenorhabditis elegans caudal homolog, pal-1, is required for neurogenesis in the male tail. We show that expression of pal-1 in the postembryonic neuroblast cell V6 can be initiated by two alternate pathways. One pathway, acting in wild type, requires a regulatory element in the fifth pal-1 intron. The other pathway, independent of this element, is normally repressed by the newly identifie...