Background and objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neuropathologic disorder that is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of dense part of nigra. Oxidative stress has been found in the pathophysiology of PD. Since α-pinene has strong anti-oxidant effects, the purpose of this research was to study its effects on movement disorders and memory and lipid perox...

Previous studies of the neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson"s disease were frequently methodologically inadequate. Small sample sizes, selection bias, lack of diagnostic criteria of Parkinson"s disease, different definitions and assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and lack of control groups seriously questioned the validity of and ability to generalize the results from many studies. Duri...