We show that Schwann cell-derived Desert hedgehog (Dhh) signals the formation of the connective tissue sheath around peripheral nerves. mRNAs for dhh and its receptor patched (ptc) are expressed in Schwann cells and perineural mesenchyme, respectively. In dhh-/- mice, epineurial collagen is reduced, while the perineurium is thin and disorganized, has patchy basal lamina, and fails to express co...

The close link between signaling by the developmental regulators of the Hedgehog family and cholesterol biochemistry has been known for some time. The morphogen is covalently attached to cholesterol in a peculiar autocatalytic reaction and embryonal disruption of cholesterol synthesis leads to malformations that mimic Hh signaling defects. Recently, it was furthermore shown that secreted Hh cou...

Enteric neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate and colonize the entire gut and proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system in vertebrate embryos. We have investigated the mitogenic and morphogenic functions of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) on enteric NCCs in cell and organ culture. Enteric NCCs expressed Shh receptor Patched and transcripts encoding the Shh signal transd...

The Drosophila genes dally and dally-like encode glypicans, which are heparan sulphate proteoglycans anchored to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol link. Genetic studies have implicated Dally and Dally-like in Wingless signalling in embryos and imaginal discs. Here, we test the signalling properties of these molecules in the embryonic epidermis. We demonstrate that RNA interfer...

Research in information security, risk management and investment has grown in importance over the last few years. However, without reliable estimates on attack probabilities, risk management is difficult to do in practice. Using a novel data set, we provide estimates on attack propensity and how it changes with disclosure and patching of vulnerabilities. Disclosure of software vulnerability has...

Ischemia is the first mechanism that provokes the loss of follicles in ovarian grafts over the long term. In whole ovarian transplantation, it remains unknown, however, how changes in follicular development are influenced by short-term ischemia. Fresh whole ovarian orthotopic auto-transplantation was performed in rabbits with 45 min ischemia, and the impact of ischemia on follicular survival an...

The p-type networks are designed with the help of CVNET at topo group Cluj and also given support by nano studio. Such develop new surfaces represent decorations surfaces. This patched network is two repeated units. first one triphenylene having a Z-pen formula second A-phe. Furthermore, these acquired as result map operations represented in software, while its assembling conducted studio progr...

Moving from the evidence that activation of type 4 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu4) receptors inhibits proliferation and promotes differentiation of cerebellar granule cell neuroprogenitors, we examined the expression and function of mGlu4 receptors in medulloblastoma cells. mGlu4 receptors were expressed in 46 of 60 human medulloblastoma samples. Expression varied in relation to the histotype (n...

MODPROPEP is a web server for knowledge-based modeling of protein–peptide complexes, specifically peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and kinases. The available crystal structures of protein–peptide complexes in PDB are used as templates for modeling peptides of desired sequence in the substrate-binding pocket of MHCs or protein kinases. The substrate peptid...