This article examines how different groups of women, including feminists and Islamists, contributed to the process of democratization since the 1980s in Turkey. It is argued that as women sought their rights, they liberalized the polity. To the extent that liberalization protects democracies from degenerating into mere formalism, women expanded the parameters of "substantive" democracy. In the ...

That the freedom of one individual entails unfreedom another is a fundamental challenge for liberalism, and this article examines how children pose problem certain varieties liberalism. It begins by showing that term liberalism used in very different ways literature on parental rights. Then an analysis strand referred to as classical political based John Locke Stuart Mill, performed. A liberal ...

Informed consent is increasingly heralded as an ethical panacea, a tool to counter autocratic and paternalistic medical practices. Debate about the implementation of informed consent is constricted and polarised, centring on the right of individuals to be fully informed and to freely choose versus an autocratic, paternalistic practice that negates individual choice. A bioethical framework, base...

Following the collapse of Soviet Union works Francis Fukuyama and Samuel P. Huntington presented approaches on how World will go next. On one hand, announces victory American Liberalism following while other hand says that conflicts continue a cultural basis in new period. Although two seem to be opposite, both them have constructed ground for politics process. In his work ‘Liberalism its Disco...

Xenophobia is on the rise in Europe; and the ten million Muslims living there are often its targets. This paper contends that the fear and anxiety Westerners exhibit toward Muslims stem ultimately from a fear and anxiety regarding ourselves and our beliefs. I argue that the perceived standoff with Muslims causes us to doubt the sincerity and superiority of our own convictions. The latter are pr...

The origin of values and preferences is an unresolved theoretical question in behavioural and social sciences. The Savanna-IQ Interaction Hypothesis, derived from the Savanna Principle and a theory of the evolution of general intelligence, suggests that more intelligent individuals may be more likely to acquire and espouse evolutionarily novel values and preferences (such as liberalism and athe...