Dr. Engineers, ICONA (Instituto National para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza), Madrid, Spain. Abstract: Management of the fragile and greatly modified ecosystems in the Spanish Mediterranean climate is complex. Rainfall occurs in a few intensive storms on rough topography. Climax vegetation is sparse forest dominated by evergreen xerophilic species. The emphases of the National Institute for ...

information on the productivity, costs and applications of the logging system is a key component in the evaluation of management plans for the rehabilitation and utilization of caspian forests. skidding and road construction costs are expensive forest operations. determining the optimum forest road network density is one of the most important factors in sustainable forest management. logging me...

Urban trees are a dominant natural element in cities; they provide important ecosystem services to urban citizens and help urban areas adapt to climate change. Many rationales have been proposed to provide a purpose for urban forest management, some of which have been ineffective in addressing important ecological and social management themes. Among these rationales we find a values-based persp...

Forest management worldwide is increasingly focused on values such as biodiversity conservation, carbon, water and recreation as well as timber production. Ownership and governance arrangements are also changing, with an increase in private ownership of forest resources that is focused on timber production and devolution of management and control to the community level. Forest management is par...

One of the risks distinguishes urban projects from other projects is to purchase of property obstacles. The matter is of more significance in large projects. Issues with regard to possessing property obstacles, lack of accurate layout drawings for underground facilities and following probable changes in designs make it vital to have specific studies on risk management of such projects. So thi...

Spatial analyses of ecosystem system services that are directly relevant to both forest management decision making and conservation in the subtropics are rare. Also, frameworks that identify and map carbon stocks and corresponding forest management drivers using available regional, national, and international-level forest inventory datasets could provide insights into key forest structural char...