Consistent definitions of important variables in pedestrian flow dynamics are proposed. They are based on the definition of similar variables for road traffic flow from the 1960’s by Edie. The definitions are extended to include multi-class flows where pedestrians move in different directions or have different characteristics. The new definitions provide a foundation of already existing crowd f...

In this paper, a new modified social force model is proposed to simulate the single-file pedestrian flow at high densities. Since pedestrians could only follow preceding person in flow, way which chooses their destination changed. It set as current position of pedestrian, rather than one fixed location. order possible movement densities, distance for calculating forces between was reset, and ob...