Three-dimensional relaxation of small crystallites was imaged in real time using variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The micron-sized Pb crystallites, supported on Ru(0001), were equilibrated at 500–550 K, and the volume-preserving shape relaxation was induced by a rapid temperature decrease to 353–423 K. The (111) facet at the top of the crystallite grows by sequential peeling ...

Although various treatment methods for melasma have developed, substantial improvement of the condition is sometimes difficult. We have experientially found that some of refractory melasma caused by daily friction can easily be treated by using a combination of a peeling agent (20% glycolic acid) and a depigmenting agent (5% hydroquinone) twice daily at home. And here, by performing skin biopsi...