intraocular area via both corneal and noncorneal pathways which are composed of cornea and conjunctiva–sclera, respectively. Although the corneal pathway is thought to be the primary route of intraocular entry for most drugs, penetration via the noncorneal pathway can also be important for the penetration of drugs which are poorly absorbed across the cornea. In addition, the noncorneal pathway ...

intranasal vaccination is particularly a striking route for mucosal immunization, due to the ease of administration and the induction of both mucosal and humoral immunity. however, soluble antigens (ag) are not sufficiently taken up after the nasal administration and need to be co-administered with adjuvants, penetration enhancers or encapsulated in particles. so, in this study, tetanus toxoid ...

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of penetration enhancers on permeation kinetics of nitrendipine (NTP) through two different skin models. The permeation profile and related kinetics parameters such as activity parameter, diffusion parameter, lag time, relative activity parameter and relative diffusion parameter of NTP was determined in presence of some novel and widely ac...

Dermal drug delivery is highly preferred by patients due to its several advantages. Protein therapeutics have attracted huge attention recently. Since dermal delivery of proteins encounter problems, in this investigation, zinc oxide nanoparticles and calcium phosphate nanoparticles were compared as enhancers for dermal permeation of albumin. Albumin was applied simultaneously with zinc oxide na...

We investigated sequence features of enhancers separated from their target gene by at least one intermediate gene/exon (named tele-enhancers in this study) and enhancers residing inside their target gene locus. In this study, we used whole genome enhancer maps and gene expression profiles to establish a large panel of tele-enhancers. By contrasting tele-enhancers to proximal enhancers targeting...

Penetration enhancers are a classical means for improving transdermal drug delivery (TDD). Enhancers permeate into the skin and reversibly decrease the barrier resistance. Basically, our aim is to formulate a transdermal gel containing an appropriate enhancer for a controlled drug release. Terpenes, namely limonene, linalool and cineole, in propylene glycol (PG) were first investigated in vitro...

Dear Friends, We all are well known with a fact of benefits of novel topical drug delivery systems, namely avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism, thus improving drug bioavailability, decreasing dosing frequency, and improving patient compliance. Regardless of the enormous investigations in topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, still stratum corneum is known as a major obstacle whi...

5 Various strategies for ocular drug delivery are considered; from basic formulation techniques for 6 improving availability of drugs; viscosity enhancers and mucoadhesives aid drug retention and 7 penetration enhancers promote drug transport into the eye. The use of drug loaded contact lenses 8 and ocular inserts allows drugs to be better placed where they are needed for more direct 9 delivery...