in pregnant mothers maternal diabetes happens when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, soblood glucose increases in the mother and then in the fetus, resulting in several injuries in neonates. thisstudy was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal cerebrum. sixteen adult female rats were divided in two equal groups. diabetes was induced in one group by alloxan. bo...

A brain circuit that drives and gates curiosity Curiosity is what organisms to investigate each other their environment. It considered by many be as intrinsic hunger thirst, but the neurobiological mechanisms behind have remained elusive. In mice, Ahmadlou et al. found a specific population of genetically identified ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—ergic neurons in region called zona incerta receive ...

Midbrain structures, including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), are essential nodes in vertebrate motor circuits controlling a broad range of behaviors, from locomotion to complex social behaviors such as vocalization. Few single-unit recording studies, so far all in mammals, have investigated the PAG's role in the temporal patterning of these behaviors. Midshipman fish use vocalization to signal...