Several procedures have been employed to examine the impacts of subsidies on different indices in an economy. This paper proposes a new approach enabling one to compare direct and indirect payments on households. To this end, the impact of government payments is examined on Gross Regional Products, Employment, Income Distribution and Inflation of Golestan Province in Iran through a Social Accou...

Background: Informal payments can cause delayed access to health care services, forcing people to sell their properties for cost of treatment; and as a result, they lose trust in the health system. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted in 2016 to identify solutions to reduce and eliminate informal payments in Iran’s health system.    Methods: Initia...

Background: Out-of-pocket and informal payments are considered as 2 most important topics for equity in health care financing. Therfore, this study was conducted to systematically review and meta-analyze the status of these payments in Iran's health care system.    Methods: Required data were collected through searching the following key terms: "Unofficial", "Informal ...

This paper is concerned with the issue of side payments between content providers (CPs) and Internet service (access bandwidth) providers (ISPs) in an Internet that is potentially not neutral. We herein generalize past results modeling the ISP and CP interaction as a noncooperative game in two directions. We consider different demand response models (price sensitivities) for different provider ...

several procedures have been employed to examine the impacts of subsidies on different indices in an economy. this paper proposes a new approach enabling one to compare direct and indirect payments on households. to this end, the impact of government payments is examined on gross regional products, employment, income distribution and inflation of golestan province in iran through a social accou...

We analyze the allocation of priority in queues via simple bidding mechanisms. In our model, the stochastically arriving customers are privately informed about their own processing time. They make bids upon arrival at a queue whose length is unobservable. We consider two bidding schemes that differ in the definition of bids (these may reflect either total payments or payments per unit of time) ...

Permissible delay in payment basically termed as “Trade credit financing” and in the present business scenario it has become a popular trend to attract the retailers by offering some interest free period by suppliers/wholesalers to increase the sales. The phenomenon of trade credit has drawn attention of many researches for last decay.In this work, for the development of model we have considere...

Gate oxide tunneling current (Igate) will become the dominant component of leakage in CMOS circuits as the physical oxide thickness (Tox) goes below 15Å. Increasing the value of Tox reduces the leakage at the expense of an increase in delay, and a practical tradeoff between delay and leakage can be achieved by assigning one of the two permissible Tox values to each transistor. In this paper, we...

Background: Informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. Informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. In this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...