Li-oxygen batteries with organic electrolytes are of general interest because of their theoretically high gravimetric energy density. Among the great challenges for this storage technology is the generation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxides and peroxides that may react with the organic solvent molecules and other cell components. The generation of such species has been assumed to o...

ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) are central to the innate immunity that protects us from infection, but also contribute to degenerative diseases and possibly aging. However, ROS and RNS are increasingly recognized to contribute to physiological signalling. This review briefly describes the main interactions between ROS and RNS and shows how their origins, chemi...

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), via consumption of oxygen in a so-called oxidative burst, is one of the earliest cellular responses following successful pathogen recognition. Apoplastic generation of superoxide (O2 ), or its dismutation product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), has been documented following recognition of a variety of pathogens (Doke, 1983; Auh and Murphy, 1995; Grant ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been studied as destructive agents in the context of nervous system ageing, disease and degeneration. Their roles as signalling molecules under normal physiological conditions is less well understood. Recent studies have provided ample evidence of ROS-regulating neuronal development and function, from the establishment of neuronal polarity to growth cone ...

This review examines the role of oxidative stress in damage to cells of the trabecular meshwork and associated impaired aqueous drainage as well as damage to retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field losses. Consideration is given to the interaction between vascular and mechanical explanations for pathological changes in glaucoma. For example, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) forces...

Mitochondria are proposed to play an important role in hypoxic cell signaling. One currently accepted signaling paradigm is that the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases in hypoxia. This is paradoxical, because oxygen is a substrate for ROS generation. Although the response of isolated mitochondrial ROS generation to [O(2)] has been examined previously, such inves...

Paradoxically, death is an integral part of life. Cell death is essential for growth and development of eukaryotes, by maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis in concert with cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Until recently, the wide variety of cell death types reported in the literature was mostly caged in two semantic categories: apoptosis and necrosis. Discrimination between ...

Objective(s):  The role of the Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in apoptosis and in certain hypertrophic responses has been previously investigated, but its regulation of Endothelin-1 induced cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. The present study discusses the inhibitory role of ARC against endothelin–induced hypertrophy. Results:In present study Endothelin treated car...