The anodization of titanium involves the formation of a thin, dense and compact, oxide layer. In this process the rutile structure of the original titanium oxide is converted into an anatase structure. It is this anatase structure and how it influences the bonding properties of the sol gel coating of hydroxyapatite (HAp) was the main aim of this research project. "he titanium samples were anodi...

Sugar, citric acid, phosphoric and caffeine are extensively present in soft drinks. The high concentrations of these elements have harmful effects on human health. A series nine carbonated drinks namely Pepsi, Mountain Dew, 7-up, Mirinda, Coca cola, Sprite, Fanta, Amrat lemon were collected from the open market Peshawar, Pakistan. Various physicochemical parameters measured to evaluate quality ...

This study assessed the efficacy of commercially available descalers and factors that influence their efficacy as tools for marine biosecurity management. Laboratory experiments found calcium carbonate (CaCO3) degradation varied up to 29% (from 111 to 143 g/l) amongst seven products tested. Increasing the concentration of hydrochloric, phosphoric and acid-surfactant descalers from 25 to 75% did...