background and objectives:medicinal plants, today it is one of the most important agricultural products. progress in the field of medicinal plants is one of the most important goals at the moment is the agricultural sector. although medicinal plants in our country has been very little attention, but the increasing importance of these plants around the world, today, has attracted the attention o...

Whereas it is well documented that the genus Acinetobacter is associated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and human clinical infections, there are very few studies to date that report it as an emerging new pathogen for fish. In the present study, Acinetobacter lwoffii was isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Iranian farms, in the Khuzestan Province by both biochemic...

in this study, the cdna growth hormone (cgh) of the belugasturgeon (husohuso) and russian sturgeon (acipensergueldenstaedtii) were cloned and sequenced, and phylogenetic relationships were examined using nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. the nucleotide sequence of the beluga gh has an open reading frame of 645 nucleotides encoding a protein 214 amino acid residues. the signal peptide cleav...

hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is a degenerate rna virus or virusoid and a satellite of hepatitis b virus (hbv). three distinct genotypes are described for hdv; genotype i is distributed worldwide but other genotypes appear to be more restricted geographically. in the present study, an rt-nested pcr method was set up to detect delta infection from serum samples. moreover, the target amplified sequ...

Summary Hirschmanniella diversa and H. imamuri parasitise the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera. spp. are most important pests of lotus cultivation in Japan, but distribution species dominancy not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to collect individuals from roots major areas Japan identify them morphologically molecularly using 18S, D2-D3 regions rRNA mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I...

The evolution of ribosomal proteins of about 70 bacterial strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae has been studied by use of previously reported data (S. Osawa, T. Itoh, and E. Otaka, J. Bacteriol. 107:168-178, 1971) and those obtained in this paper. The proximity of the bacteria was quantified by co-chromatographing the differentially labeled ribosomal proteins from two strains on a...

Obesity results from alterations in the body's regulation of energy intake, expenditure, and storage. Animal and human data demonstrate that phylogenic changes occur in the microbiota composition in obese individuals. Furthermore, evidence from animal models suggest that the alterations of the gut microbiota with obesity results in increased energy extraction and lipid deposition, altered relea...

This paper reviews the neuroscience literature to sculpt a view of intelligence from the artificial life (ALife) perspective. Three key themes are used to motivate a journey down the low road to cognition. First, the origins of brain structures and dynamics exhibit considerable emergence at phylogenic, epigenetic, and ontogenetic levels. Second, ALife complexity measures have interesting parall...