background: oropharyngeal dysphagia following stroke enhances the risk of dehydration, malnutrition, aspiration  pneumonia, persistent disablement, and even death. screening of dysphagia has been shown to positively change health outcomes. the aim of the present study was to systematically introduce the published swallowing screening methods in patients with stroke and  their appropriateness fo...

in the previous two parts of educational manuscript series in emergency, we explained some screening characteristics of diagnostic tests including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. in the 3rd  part we aimed to explain positive and negative likelihood ratio (lr) as one of the most reliable performance measures of a diagnostic test. to better underst...

context maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and alpha fetal protein (afp) were originally introduced to detect trisomy 21 and neural tube defects. however, in the absence of aneuploidy or neural tube defects, mid-trimester maternal serum hcg and/or maternal serum afp associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. pregnancies with unexplained mid-trimester elevation in maternal serum ...

abstract background: cervical cancer is the most common female genital tract malignancy and is the major cause of death from gynecologic cancer worldwide. the majority of cervical cancers develop through a series of gradual, precancerous lesions. screening asymptomatic women with regular pap smears allows diagnosis of the readily treatable preinvasive phase. we performed this study to determine...

objective(s): in developing countries and worldwide cervical cancer is an important cause of   female mortality. reports describing the frequency and pattern of abnormal pap smears in saudi arabia, using the revised bethesda system (rbs) are very few. the current study was conducted to explore the changing pattern of epithelial cell abnormalities (eca) detected in pap smears (ps) in females of ...

mexico, like many low- and middle-income countries (lmics), faces an epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases (ncds), specifically diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and lipid disorders. many people with these ncds may not be aware that they have a disease, pointing to the need for broader screening programs. the traditional prevention policy in mexico was based on screening with a paper-bas...

objectives: feeding is an essential function which affects quality of life of the intellectually disabled (id) persons. approximately 80% of the severe and profound mentally retarded population have some feeding difficulties. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of feeding problems in children with id. methods: in this cross-sectional descriptive study, 144 individuals with intellectual...

The screening of cancer is important in secondary prevention in clinical oncology. The cervical cancer screening by pelvic examination and Pap smear test is the standard practice worldwide. However, the coverage of the screening is an important consideration in public health. Some specific vulnerable populations are considered to have a low chance of having access to health care services includ...

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