Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has become an issue of concern for a great many people and is an active area of research. Phytoplasmas, also known as mycoplasma-like organisms, are wall-less prokaryotes that are pathogens of many plant species throughout the world. Effects of electromagnetic fields on the changes of lipid peroxidation, content of H(2)O(2), proline, protein, and carbohy...

Antibodies are known to affect the morphology, growth, and metabolism of mollicutes and thus may serve as candidate molecules for a plantibody-based control strategy for plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas and phytoplasmas. Recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies are easy to engineer and express in plants, but their inhibitory effects on mollicutes have never been evaluated and c...

This article provides an up-to-date review of disease-causing viruses and phytoplasmas currants including symptoms, transmission, detection, economic impact, control measures. Currants are widely cultivated in more than 30 countries the temperate zones Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, New Zealand. Ribes spp. can be infected by 20 virus species four Candidatus Phytoplasma species, with to...