Learning and remembering the location of food resources, predators, escape routes, and immediate kin is perhaps the most essential form of higher cognitive processing in mammals. Two of the most frequently studied forms of place learning are spatial learning and contextual conditioning. Spatial learning refers to an animal's capacity to learn the location of a reward, such as the escape platfor...

Background: Consumption of chronic morphine induces neuro-inflammation and addictive seeking behavior. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe), a well-known spice plant, has been used traditionally in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments. It has been shown that ginger has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and antinociceptive properties. However, its influences on morphine-induced addictive b...

Renewal of an extinguished conditioned response has been demonstrated in humans and in animals using various types of procedures, except renewal of motor learning such as eyeblink conditioning. We tested renewal of delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in a virtual environment in an ABA design. Following acquisition in one context (A, e.g., an airport) and extinction in a different context (B, ...

THE TIME-HONORED discussion of the problem of the non-phonetic conditioning of sound change has been intensified through the recent emergence of generative phonology. Whereas the orthodox neogrammarian position, as well as that of "autonomous" phonemics, only allow for strict phonetic conditioning of sound change, "systematic" generative phonology posits that phonetic changes may also take plac...

The present study investigated the effect of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the development and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Type 2 RyRs (RyRs-2) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) significantly increased in morphine-conditioned mice, whereas type 1, 2, and 3 RyRs in the frontal cortex and ventral tegmental area showed no changes. Intracerebroventricular pretre...

Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (Pasteur Institute of Iran) were evaluated using the novelty seeking behavior based on the place conditioning task. The animals in the conditioning phase were confined in only one side of the equipment. They (n=8 per group) were intraperitoneally injected ethanol at high (18 g/kg) or low (0.1-0.8 g/kg) concentrations prior to the testing. The control grou...

introduction: according to previous studies, colchicine causes neuronal destruction and learning depression. in this project, effects of colchicine injection into the ca1 and interaction between colchicine and nitric oxide (no) in this area on the expression of drug-seeking behavior were investigated. methods: wistar rats (250-300 g) were bilaterally cannulated at the ca1 area. colchicine (2-8 ...

background and objective: identifying the details of the injurious effects of alcohol seems to be decisive in nowadays with growing abuse of the substance. this study mainly aimed to assess the adverse effects of ethanol on the recalling of information in the wistar rats. materials and methods: male wistar rats (pasteur institute of iran) were evaluated using the novelty seeking behavior based ...

For the past 50 years, psychologists have wrestled with questions regarding the relationship between conscious awareness and human conditioned behavior. A recent proposal that the hippocampus mediates awareness during trace conditioning (Clark, Squire, Science 1998;280:77–81) has extended the awareness-conditioning debate to the neuroscience arena. In the following commentary, we raise specific...