Background. Monotherapy is the choice regimen to treat newly diagnosed epilepsies. However, if it fails, several strategies may be followed. Aim. To discuss the treatment options when an initial monotherapy regimen fails. Methods. We reviewed the relevant literature on the topic by using PubMed. Review and Discussion. Approximately 64% of people with epilepsy (PWE) de novo are free of seizures ...

Highly dense two-dimensional periodic arrays of nanoscaled silicon pillars present interesting photonic band gaps and the capacity to act as photonic crystals which can mould, manipulate and guide light. We demonstrate finite element modelling of silicon pillars based photonic crystals and their effective use in applications like waveguides, optical power dividers, multiplexers and switches. Th...

We present a theoretical study on the tunability of phononic band gaps in two-dimensional phononic crystals consisting of various anisotropic cylinders in an isotropic host. A two-dimensional plane-wave expansion method was used to analyze the band diagrams of the phononic crystals; the anisotropic materials used in this work include cubic, hexagonal, trigonal, and tetragonal crystal systems. B...

The two-dimensional photonic crystal (2-D PhC) structure has been investigated as a method for lateral mode control of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The 2-D PhC structures were designed using an equivalent index model developed for photonic crystal fibers combined with a plane wave expansion method. The etching depth dependence of the PhC structure was incorporated for the f...

In this paper, we present the design of All-optical OR logic gate based on 2-D (two dimension) photonic crystals. To realize this, we consider the photonic crystals (PCs) with a square lattice of dielectric rods (refractive index=3.40). These rods are surrounded by air (refractive index=1).First we design the structure using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method and in second step, we...

We show, by measuring the transmission through a phononic crystal (PC) plate (slab), the evidence of the existence of large phononic band gaps (PBGs) in twodimensional PCs made by a hexagonal (honeycomb) array of holes etched through a free standing plate of silicon (Si). A CMOS compatible fabrication process is used on a Si on insulator (SOI) substrate to realize the devices. More than 30dB at...

Photonic crystal PC composites are sequenced series of PCs that feature the same periods but different filling fractions. By properly tuning the filling fractions of the individual PCs and merging the working band of each PC into a continuous frequency range, wide-band self-collimation of optical signals can be realized. The band diagrams and the equal-frequency contours of the PC structures we...

We investigate the electromagnetic propagation in two-dimensional photonic crystals, formed by parallel dielectric cylinders embedded a uniform medium. The frequency band structure is computed using the standard plane-wave expansion method, while the propagation and scattering of the electromagnetic waves are calculated by the multiple scattering theory. It is shown that within partial bandgaps...

This transparent cell transport service allows migration of ATM services to a PSN without having to provision the ATM subscriber or customer edge (CE) devices. The ATM CEs will view the ATM transparent cell transport service as if they were directly connected via a Time Division Multiplexer (TDM) leased line. This service is most likely to be used as an internal function in an ATM service provi...